Placeholder instead of image and duplicated code section

Operating system

Windows

Joplin version

3.3.3

Desktop version info

3.2.13

Sync target

Joplin Server

Editor

Markdown Editor

What issue do you have?

I set up a joplin server at joplin.mydomain.com and a few clients (Android phone, Android tablet, Fedora Workstation) that all work just fine, except for a portable Joplin for desktop v3.2.13 client on my work PC, which is actually a VMWare Horizon virtual desktop.
For example, I created a note called "test" on my portable client, with an image and a code paragraph.
Such note is displayed correctly on my Android phone, but incorrectly on the preview of my portable client (see attached screenshots), i.e. a placeholder appears instead of the image and the code section appears twice, first without syntax highlighting, then with.

Screenshots


I'm linking to a GitHub issue that might be related:

Above, "Joplin version" is listed as "3.3.3", but "Desktop version info" includes "3.2.13". Clarification on which version of Joplin is experiencing the issue could be helpful. (Is the 3.3.3 the server version?)

Thanks.
3.3.3 is the server version.
3.1.13 is the portable client version.
I have no clue whether the two issues are related but one thing I'd like to try is completely wipe anything Joplin related on my client PC and start out with a clean slate, how do I do that? I've already unsuccessfully tried removing the folder next to the portable client executable and a Joplin folder in Appdata, so I guess there are other folders somewhere I should have deleted, can you please provide a complete list?