while it's not a parser (it will not process all your notes retroactively, yet), for future notes the "inline tags" plugin does exactly that. adopting the style you proposed above will add the corresponding Joplin tags to the note, while preserving them as plain text.
in addition, the "go to tags..." plugin can be used for parsing the inline tags upon request. it requires selecting the text and hitting a keyboard shortcut, so it's not as quick as clicking a link, but it's still very nice.