My desktop app seems to sync anything I add on desktop, but doesn't actually bring over any notes I add on mobile. My iOS mobile app similarly only includes notes I add on mobile, and won't bring over any notes I made on desktop. In the screenshot, you'll see my desktop Joplin on the left, and my mobile Joplin on the right--the desktop app has lots of notes in it, and the mobile app has only one (called After "That's Right" - Black Swan), which does not appear on desktop.
When I first imported all my notes from Evernote, both the desktop app and the mobile app received them, but the first time I added a new note on desktop and tried to sync again, this happened, where my notes on mobile all vanished. You can see in the lower right corner of the mobile app that it's pretending to try to sync, but it never gets there; it just counts up until it reaches the number of files it thinks there are, and then it starts over without actually loading any notes. I'm using Joplin Cloud Pro for my storage.
I can see from the right screenshot that it has not completed the initial sync on your mobile device. You need to wait until the sync is finished completely on your phone before you'll be able to sync between other devices properly. Note that because the mobile app does not support background sync, you must leave the screen on and with the app in the foreground until the sync completes
This made sense (I had totally missed that there is no background sync; thank you for that!), so I tried setting my screen lock to Never and leaving it face-up and syncing overnight, and I got new error messages I hadn't seen before! (I see that two items are of unreasonable size. Okay sure. But what about the other several thousand? Also, I told it not to upload attachments, and I'm not sure what kind of text-only file could possibly be that large.)
It says "Some items could not be synchronized," but like you see in the left screenshot, it actually synchronized none of them. Maybe I just need to force it to ignore the broken ones?
I was originally concerned about the not downloaded attachments, but I did actually tell it not to download attachments, because I don't want to fill up my whole phone hard drive with multimedia that really can live in deep storage unless I need to access it. Even the text files didn't sync, though.