Interesting problem. I tried a bit, but couldn't find a solution. Technically it's possible to include this kind of information in an URI:
It looks like even if the complete URI would be forwarded to VLC, VLC would play the file, but ignore the query (?t=2190) or fragment (#t=2190). Also other players, like mplayer or mpv seem to not support arguments inside the URI.
Edit: I think in your case, the URI should look like file:///home/fubar/Desktop/Files/12%20-%20Rebalancing%20and%20Side%20Effects%202/15%20-%20Track%2015.mp3.
I'm not sure there's a standard way to do this as this is application-specific. But a plugin could be implemented probably that would call something like vlc /path/to/video.mp4 --start-time=90