I am not that familiar with the delta request of the onedrive api but I think joplin permanently repeats the request to a invalid link which it has received due to the Microsoft bug. It seems that there is no routine implemented in joplin to automatically refresh this link in that unusual case.
So i think in order to solve the problem you would either need to delete the delta link from the database or log out from onedrive and login again. Unfortunately there is no way to do this from the GUI (which I think really should be implemented). You can find workarounds to achieve this on the forum though.