Do you mean that the sync produces an error before any files are synced, or rather that the sync completes successfully but there are no notes downloaded?
There have been a number of issues relating to OneDrive sync reported over the last several months, one of which was caused by OneDrive randomly deciding to allocate a new 'special' folder for Joplin's data, which breaks the two way sync (I think all the reported issues are likely due to this problem, though there was insufficient information to confirm). In most cases this has resulted in some or all of the user's notes being deleted, but I think in your case your Linux client has instead got stuck due an authentication problem, rather than switching to a new special folder successfully. I assert this because assuming in your case you are able to complete sync on a new profile, but with no notes actually synced, this suggests on your new profile OneDrive has allocated a separate special folder for Joplin's data, using the new authentication which you set up in the sync wizard. You should see either both a 'Joplin' and a 'Graph' folder in the App directory on OneDrive, or a 'Graph' and a 'Graph 1' folder if this is true.
Regarding the risk of the OneDrive issues causing loss of notes, I have implemented a safeguard to protect against this scenario which extends the existing fail-safe mechanism, which has literally just been built into a new Joplin release within the last few days. You can get this change now, if you want to use the latest pre-releases for desktop and mobile, but if you want to stick to the mainline releases you might need to wait a few months to get that feature.
For full details see PR Desktop, Mobile: Harden failsafe logic to check for the presence of info.json, rather than just the item count by mrjo118 · Pull Request #11750 · laurent22/joplin · GitHub which has been added to the 3.3.1 release of desktop and Android