Summary: The problem has been solved.
I had practically no more problems of this kind for about two weeks.
Therefore, I consider this action to have been basically successful.
There was only one other noteworthy problem, which I was able to fix manually.
Further details:
Presumed root causes/observations:
In very most cases, exporting and importing JEX data into new databases with new profiles eliminates problems with inconsistent data. However, there remains the possibility that individual notes may somehow remain inconsistent despite JEX export and import. These isolated cases can be identified with a little attention, and the data can be manually rescued and inserted into a new note.
So far there was only one problematic note in my database that originated from earlier JoplinCloud days. It was shared between different JoplinCloud IDs. I was only able to save its content by sharing the Markdown code directly to my Nextcloud using the share function in my Joplin Android app. It could not be transferred using WhatsApp, nor was it synchronised by Joplin.
Forecast for data quality:
I may encounter isolated instances of further problematic notes in my database that originate from earlier JoplinCloud times and were shared between different JoplinCloud IDs.
Observations and considerations on the topic of JEX export and import
Since you should always wait for the complete JEX import and its full synchronisation before starting the synchronisation of further profiles from other devices when restarting with JEX export and import, it takes a very long time with my database before I can start again. I have about ten folders at the top level in my database. In order to be able to start synchronising additional devices more quickly, this time I performed a separate JEX export for each top-level folder and started the JEX import with the folder containing the least amount of data. The first synchronisation of the first JEX import was completed successfully and quickly, and I was able to start synchronising additional devices without encountering any problems. While I was importing the next JEX file, synchronisation with my second device was already running. This allowed me to reduce the total runtime for the complete restart. However, this approach seems to have one disadvantage: not all Markdown links to other notes are provided with the correct new object IDs. This probably only works for notes that are in the same imported JEX file. Since most of my Markdown links remain within my top-level folders, I have only had to trace and recreate two Markdown links so far by searching for the corresponding text string.
If I ever have to start completely from scratch again from a JEX data backup, I will try the following procedure: On the one hand, I want to be able to quickly start synchronising additional devices, and on the other hand, all Markdown links should be correctly assigned new object IDs.
a) Start a new database with new profiles.
b) Create and synchronise a new temporary folder with a new temporary note.
c) Connect additional devices and synchronise this temporary note.
d) Re-import the complete JEX export.
e) Delete the temporary folder with the temporary note.