Hi,
I'm glad you found this plugin useful.

I am wondering if it is also possible to use the same backend mechanism to sync all of Joplin (notes, notebooks etc.) between phone and the desktop? This would allow fast direct syncing.

The backend simply starts a server and lets clients send some media/texts which it then appends to the note body, syncing is quite a different process. Syncing involves maintaining a common folder (either on cloud or remote fs) collectively.

I think what you are trying to do here is to make your desktop the sync target for other devices, it's an interesting idea and lots of ways to implement if you think about it. The closest possible way right now would be to use the filesystem sync that you mentioned in the links. And you can also use WebDAV sync option on your phone to connect it to your desktop.
To elaborate, your desktop app is set to sync to a folder on your computer, after this you setup a webDAV server on your computer that will give others access to that folder, next you set your mobile Joplin app to sync to that webDAV server (linking to that particular folder).
But all this is a tedious process and not practical if your local ip changes often.

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