This looks like what the Admonition Plugin does.
It has some presets for the following types
| Type |
|---|
| note |
| abstract |
| info |
| tip |
| success |
| question |
| warning |
| failure |
| danger |
| bug |
| example |
| quote |
(Click to enlarge)
EDIT Added the correct link for the Joplin Admonition Plugin.